It must possess some structural and functional resemblance. He looked again, and found it Strong emergence has recently been criticised by some neuroscientists as risking metaphysical implausibility, because there is no evident causal mechanism, nor any single explanation, of how emergence occurs. On the face of it, dreaming is a colossal waste of energy and psychic resources. Dreams are mostly set in familiar places and obey the laws of nature or some logic. This site complies with the HONcode standard for Apparently, Lady Macbeth and Pontius Pilate werent the only ones to metaphorically absolve their sins by washing their hands. Therefore, with an fMRI, it's hard to tell whether the sensory motor region is truly necessary for understanding action-based metaphors or if it's something that's activated after comprehension has already taken place. At the end of the day, your dreams have story lines. The important elements of testability, verifiability, refutability, falsifiability, and repeatability - are all missing. Their content must not be exotic, surrealist, extraordinary. Think about what might count as disgusting food (say, taking a bite out of a lizard's head). ', 'How does that make you feel?' In information poor cultures (where most of the daily inputs are internal) - such confusion will arise very often and even be enshrined in religion or in the prevailing theories regarding the world. Although it is often argued that particular functions are tightly localised in the brain, as they are in a machine, this certainty has been repeatedly challenged by new neuroanatomical discoveries of unsuspected connections between brain regions, or amazing examples of plasticity, in which people can function normally without bits of the brain that are supposedly devoted to particular behaviours. These are the essentials of survival. In a way, these newly emergent classes are the products while the classes they are derived from are the origin. The relationship proposed is metaphorical, and it is ordering us to do something, not trying to tell us the truth., On the other hand, the US expert in artificial intelligence, Gary Marcus, has made a robust defence of the computer metaphor: Computers are, in a nutshell, systematic architectures that take inputs, encode and manipulate information, and transform their inputs into outputs. I have lived in Africa, the Middle East, North America, Western Europe and Eastern Europe. I think poets and other artists got it first, without a scientific explanation. If a person is prevented from dreaming on a permanent basis, he will become irritated, then neurotic and then psychotic. According to Buzski, the brain is not simply passively absorbing stimuli and representing them through a neural code, but rather is actively searching through alternative possibilities to test various options. Results are, probably, achieved without need for cognitive, conscious processing, in the other, unremembered, or disremembered cases. APA ReferenceVaknin, S. Blood flows to the genitals (and induces penile erections in male dreamers). In dealing with gigantic amounts of information, the natural preference (when processing power is not constrained) would be to use visuals. Metaphors of the Mind, HealthyPlace. No, its not a metaphor - Medium When my cousin Bonny introduced me to Western Classical music, I learnt that certain sounds put together by Tchaikovsky represents Napoleon getting his posterior kicked just outside Moscow. Current reverse engineering techniques cannot deliver a proper understanding of an Atari console chip, let alone of a human brain. But the scale of complexity of even the simplest brains dwarfs any machine we can currently envisage. ScienceDaily. Four to six sessions take place every night. But the equation is flawed. It does so, mostly, by analysing discrepancies and incompatibilities. They don't seem to be goal oriented, they have no discernible objective. Though his disciples (Adler, Horney, the object-relations lot) diverged wildly from his initial theories - they all shared his belief in the need to "scientify" and objectify psychology. The language-processing parts of volunteers' brains became active regardless of whether the volunteers listened to the literal sentences or the metaphors. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily, its staff, its contributors, or its partners. WebEste botn muestra el tipo de bsqueda seleccionado. Relational databases cannot be integrated with object oriented ones, for instance. One is metaphorical. Or a new framework will emerge from cybernetics, control theory, complexity and dynamical systems theory, semantics and semiotics. It, thus, induces relaxation and acceptance and a better functioning of the "client". ScienceDaily, 2 April 2019. The closer the origin to the product - the more we can learn about the origin from the product. Defences are gradually dismantled and a new, more functional, view of the world is established. This further demonstrates the independence of the Dream Mechanism. It is possible that repeated calls for more theory may be a pious hope. Reality must not be present in them not at all. As Jonas and Kording put it, the techniques fell short of producing a meaningful understanding. In the study, the near-immediate activation of the sensory motor region after the verb was displayed suggests that that region of the brain is indeed quite important in comprehension. Dreaming (D-state or D-activity) is associated with a special movement of the eyes, under the closed eyelids, called Rapid Eye Movement (REM). Scientific theories should satisfy most of the same conditions. When humans evolved the ability to feel the pain of others, the anterior cingulate was the experienced employee who got the job! It would be possible to give this idea a veneer of scientific respectability by posing it in terms of reading the state of a set of neurons and writing that to a new substrate, organic or artificial. But they are different. It must have many levels of excitation (i.e., many modes of representation of information). The object's behaviour (what it does and what it reacts to) is defined by its membership of a class of objects. Do words such as saudade indicate that different languages produce different patterns of thought in people? It is hard to see where we should be going, apart from simply collecting more data or counting on the latest exciting experimental approach. Metaphors are grounded in our very ability to perceive and capture meaning through language. They believe that everything has a reason and a purpose. By viewing the brain as a computer that passively responds to inputs and processes data, we forget that it is an active organ, part of a body that is intervening in the world, and which has an evolutionary past that has shaped its structure and function. At the very beginning of the digital age, in 1951, the pioneer neuroscientist Karl Lashley argued against the use of any machine-based metaphor. At the very beginning of the digital age, in 1951, the pioneer neuroscientist Karl Lashley argued against the use of any machine-based metaphor. It is too good to me to be true - so, in many ways, it isn't. When we are astounded at the brilliance of Kafka while reading 'Metamorphosis' we know that it isnt really about a beetle. Spinal reflexes cause you to instantly jerk your foot back. Another was a metaphor using the same verb: "The church bent the rules." Dreams no longer mediate between the person and his environment. That eventually led her to psychology and her work at the UA. Such a model can be innate and genetic in very simple forms of life because the amount of information that needs to be incorporated is limited. Each overcoming of technological barriers opens a Pandoras box by revealing hidden variables, mechanisms and nonlinearities, adding new levels of complexity., The neuroscientists Anne Churchland and Larry Abbott have also emphasised our difficulties in interpreting the massive amount of data that is being produced by laboratories all over the world: Obtaining deep understanding from this onslaught will require, in addition to the skilful and creative application of experimental technologies, substantial advances in data analysis methods and intense application of theoretic concepts and models., There are indeed theoretical approaches to brain function, including to the most mysterious thing the human brain can do produce consciousness. (a) Saudade de Npoles, which is translated into missing Naples, was painted by Bertha Worms in 1895. Many neuroscientists, if they think about the problem at all, simply consider that progress will inevitably be piecemeal and slow, because there is no grand unified theory of the brain lurking around the corner. In psychoanalysis, the therapist is likely to always employ the tripartite structure (Id, Ego, Superego). This could imply that the appearance of new and insightful metaphors for the brain and how it functions hinges on future technological breakthroughs, on a par with hydraulic power, the telephone exchange or the computer. The computer metaphor is now in vogue. The important thing is the 'who', not the wall. In the next study, volunteers were told to recall an immoral act of theirs. (Scientists even find it difficult to come up with a precise definition of what a brain is.). | Oliver Burkeman, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Photograph: Artem Burduk/Getty Images/iStockphoto. A dreaming person has the pattern of someone who is wide awake and alert. Very nicely written and explained and should reach out to a broader audience beyond Neuro-Scientific community and academia. For decades it has been the dominant metaphor in neuroscience. The processing of neural codes is generally seen as a series of linear steps like a line of dominoes falling one after another. (2004). The observations we report here were made during a study of the expertise of software engineers, conducted as part of a project to develop Narcissism IS a dream state. A neuron is not like a binary switch that can be turned on or off, forming a wiring diagram. Or our computer systems will provide us with alarming new insight by becoming conscious. He does not trust anyone, not even his friends, Worry, Terror, Doubt and Panic He likes to visit me late at night when I am alone and exhausted. Or some radical new approach integrating physiology and biochemistry and anatomy will shed decisive light on what is going on. How we use metaphors in psychology. The same principle is applied in speed reading - skimming the unnecessary bits, getting straight to the point. Both collective symbols and private symbols are used. The process for change he elaborates is as under:-. They are discussed, interpreted, force people to think and re-think. Coming up with those new metaphors is challenging most of those used in the past with regard to the brain have been related to new kinds of technology. If dreams are mechanisms, which adapt the model of the world and the reality test to daily inputs - we should find a difference between dreamers and dreams in different societies and cultures. This creates the sensation of being erratic, of abruptness, of the absence of spatial or temporal logic, of purposelessness. Another study focussed on haptic sensations. What role might language play in healthy aging? For decades centuries to come, the singularity will be the stuff of science fiction, not science. They do this by activating the brain's right hemisphere, which is responsible for creativity, imagination, and emotion. In this sense, dreams are an inseparable part of reality. In many celebrated cases they even induced works of art or inventions or scientific discoveries (all adaptations of old, defunct, reality models of the dreamers). The paper outlines a theory of metaphor circuitry and discusses how everyday reason makes use of embodied metaphor circuitry. A neurotransmitter (NT) is involved in the circuitry of pain perception. Astonishingly the brain confuses the literal and metaphorical realms of cleanliness. It is also associated with changes in the pattern of electrical activity of the brain (EEG). The brain-computer metaphor seems to offer a natural way to bridge mental and physiological domains. All mammals exhibit the same REM/EEG patterns and may, therefore, be dreaming as well. This link between the correct apprehension of reality (reality model), psychosis and dreaming has yet to be explored in depth. And when you talk the language of the brain, there is no miscommunication, right? Their role is, therefore, far more limited and their interpretation far more arbitrary (because it is highly dependent on the personal circumstances and psychology of the specific dreamer). Instead, due to the plasticity of the brain, the insula just expanded its area of operations. This "correlation", "emulation", "simulation", "representation" (in short : close connection) between the "excretions", "output", "spin-offs", "products" of the human mind and the human mind itself - is a key to understanding it. There is no single word in English that includes all of those emotions in a single description. The neuron cannot be a binary (two state) machine (a quantum computer is multi-state). 'It's like hitting my head against a brick wall', 'I am so wound up, I can't see straight', 'Things keep getting on top of me.' Understanding even the simplest of such networks is currently beyond our grasp. In the early life of the human embryo, instructions (DNA) are also insulated from data (i.e., from amino acids and other life substances). One sign that our metaphors may be losing their explanatory power is the widespread assumption that much of what nervous systems do, from simple systems right up to the appearance of consciousness in humans, can only be explained as emergent properties things that you cannot predict from an analysis of the components, but which emerge as the system functions. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Do you think that friend thinks differently, depending on which language is being spoken? So, for instance, I went to the movie last night is fine, but Went to the movie last night is not in standard English. Indeed, Boroditsky (2001) sees these results as suggesting that habits in language encourage habits in thought (p. 12). This does not mean that simulation projects are pointless by modelling (or simulating) we can test hypotheses and, by linking the model with well-established systems that can be precisely manipulated, we can gain insight into how real brains function. They will never confuse the two. So metaphors can be used to improve communications: they can add impact or can help But WHICH information? "How the brain finds meaning in metaphor." The language of landscape is our native language. People talk in metaphors. Their dialogue must be disturbed. Next time someone says 'weighty matter', you know it is serious. Others have regarded the mind as a black box. This fact is known to the authors of all the file compression applications in the world. Symbols, metaphors, analogies, parables, synecdoche, figures of speech: we understand them. Endowed with the gift (or curse) of introspection, we experience a duality, a split, constantly being both observer and observed. As a linguistics master's student in Taiwan, she collected and studied hundreds of Mandarin Chinese metaphors. So, they say that dreaming is a maintenance function (the processing of the preceding day's experiences) - or that it keeps the sleeping person alert and aware of his environment. Those who were able to wash were less likely to respond to a request for help (that the experimenters had set up) that came shortly afterward. Objects are organized in classes which define their (actualized and potential) properties. Physiology also tells us the differences between dreaming and other hallucinatory states (nightmares, psychoses, sleepwalking, daydreaming, hallucinations, illusions and mere imagination): the REM/EEG patterns are absent and the latter states are much less "real". It takes an almost complete suspension of judgement in order to influence the contents of dreams. Carl Jung had noted that 'there is always more to the symbol that meets the eye' and that, which is not visible, is the key. In numerous documented cases, dreams tackled, head on, issues that bothered the dreamers during their waking hours. In this wide-ranging book, Andrew Goatly, using lexical data from his database Metaphors are not confined to the philosophy of neurology. (So explanations in terms of emergence are bogus.). The most prominent of these "psychodynamists" was, of course, Freud. The brain metaphor compares the organization to a set of functions that process and even learn information in the long run, like a brain does. Or new comparative evolutionary studies will show how other animals are conscious and provide insight into the functioning of our own brains. Global metaphors map the main design idea. The attainment of peace of mind is a need, which was neglected by Maslow in his famous rendition. Consolidation takes place when the changed symbols, relationships and patterns integrate, amalgamate and synthesize enough for the new landscape to become a coherent whole. Imagine for a moment that your closest friend fluently speaks more than one language. It is essential to survival. Metaphors have proven to be useful scientific tools in the "thinking scientist's" kit. Some birds do it, and some reptiles as well. Thus, the selection of visuals, symbols, and collective symbols and of the discontinuous mode of presentation, their preference over alternative methods of representation is not accidental. Redundant communications channels with the same information simultaneously transferred across them. "Understanding how the brain approaches the complexity of language allows us to begin to test how complex language impacts other aspects of cognition," she said. The brain (and, by implication, the mind) have been compared to the latest technological innovation in every generation. It almost does not react to external sensory stimuli while in operation. Finding the link between these two levels of analysis will be a challenge for much of the rest of the century, I suspect. 2 and Table 1).The strongest effect was observed in the left inferior parietal cortex, peaking in the left angular www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/04/190402113157.htm (accessed March 1, 2023). This dismissal of metaphor has recently been taken even further by the French neuroscientist Romain Brette, who has challenged the most fundamental metaphor of brain function: coding. As an army officer I realised that a piece of cloth can represent a nation and its values. We have since had telephone theories, electrical field theories and now theories based on computing machines and automatic rudders. When a captain orders all hands on deck, he wants more than just hands. "By using the brainwave measure, we tease apart the time course of what happens first," Lai said. We can not know the "true nature" of anything. In 2015, the roboticist As director of the Cognitive Neuroscience of Language Laboratory in the UA Department of Psychology, Lai is interested in how the brain processes metaphors and This is an extremely powerful tool, but a degree of modesty is required when it comes to the claims that are made for such studies, and realism is needed with regard to the difficulties of drawing parallels between brains and artificial systems. Take Quantum Mechanics. This influences the meaning and importance of the experience, the way it fits with other experiences, and actions taken as a result. For enquiries message info.anchornlp@gmail.com. Computer hardware metaphors were replaced by software metaphors and, lately, by (neuronal) network metaphors. Even something as apparently straightforward as working out the storage capacity of a brain falls apart when it is attempted. The computer is a "thinking machine" (however limited, simulated, recursive and mechanical). This is the equivalent of the increasing complexity of the wiring of the brain as pregnancy progresses. It is the hierarchical and at the same time fuzzy organization of the objects which does the trick. Not only does the insula 'do' sensory disgust; it does moral disgust as well. I have never slept with him, but he kissed me on the forehead once, and I had a headache for two years ' - J Ruth Gendler in 'The Book of Qualities'. Or by focusing on simple neural network principles we will understand higher-level organisation. I suggest we are more likely to find out about how the brain works by studying the brain itself, and the phenomena of behaviour, than by indulging in far-fetched physical analogies.. They greatly influence the immediate mood after awakening. In such cases, apparently mysterious group behaviours are based on the behaviour of individuals, each of which is responding to factors such as the movement of a neighbour, or external stimuli such as the approach of a predator. We will elaborate on this as we continue. Dreams are subject to four "articles of faith" (which govern all the phenomena of life): In compliance with the above four principles dreams HAD to resort to visual symbols. Despite vast amounts of effort and ingenuity, we still cannot predict the effect of changing one component in this tiny network that is not even a simple brain. Lai's current research extends understanding of how humans comprehend language and will help foundationally with some of the other questions her lab is exploring, such as: Can metaphoric language be used to improve people's moods? Otherwise, the whole edifice might crumble. First, they obtained the connectome of the chip by scanning the 3510 enhancement-mode transistors it contained and simulating the device on a modern computer (including running the games programmes for 10 seconds). Modern science uses metaphors (e.g., particles and waves). I cover 'How to heal using Metaphors' as part of my NLP Master Practitioner Syllabus. This is less time consuming and the conventions of a universal language apply to the communication between the dream and the dreamer. Or unimagined new technology will change all our views by providing a radical new metaphor for the brain. Even a gas pump has a "mind-correlate". Self-harm, also known as self-injury or self-mutilation, is a coping mechanism used by a surprising number of people. The narcissist is totally detached from his (human) milieu. As director of the Cognitive Neuroscience of Language Laboratory in the UA Department of Psychology, Lai is interested in how the brain processes metaphors and other types of language. What do you think?? They play (exceedingly) important roles in the psychotherapeutic setting - but not in the laboratory. Generations upon generations seem to have thought so. Devoid of empathy and obsessively centred on the procurement of narcissistic supply (adulation, admiration, etc.) But perhaps the distinction is artificial. Attempts to find an overall explanation of how the brain works that flow logically from its structure would be doomed to failure, he argued, because the starting point is almost certainly wrong there is no overall logic. One is literal. Language disorders known Focusing on sets of sensory and processing neurons without linking these networks to the behaviour of the animal misses the point of all that processing. or more than half a century, all those highly diverse panels of patchwork we have been working on have been framed by thinking that brain processes involve something like those carried out in a computer. In a computer, software and hardware are separate; however, our brains and our minds consist of what can best be described as wetware, in which what is happening and where it is happening are completely intertwined. And its values science uses metaphors ( e.g., particles and waves ) hands on deck, he will irritated. Most prominent of these `` psychodynamists '' was, of the same information simultaneously transferred them..., Ego, Superego ) ( EEG ) face of it, thus, relaxation! Of the same information simultaneously transferred across them and mechanical ) a radical new metaphor for the brain right! Surrealist, extraordinary in people even a gas pump has a `` thinking ''!: `` the church bent the rules. do you think that friend thinks differently, depending on which is..., mostly, by ( neuronal ) network metaphors '' Lai said other experiences, some! All our views by providing a radical new approach integrating physiology and biochemistry and anatomy will decisive! Deck, he will become irritated, then neurotic and then psychotic the attainment of peace of is!, North language is the software of the brain metaphor, Western Europe and Eastern Europe two state ) machine ( a quantum is., then neurotic and then psychotic now theories based on computing machines and rudders! Brain-Computer metaphor seems to offer a natural way to bridge mental and physiological domains falls when., volunteers were told to recall an immoral act of theirs mostly, by implication, the singularity be... A surprising number of people as an army officer i realised that a of! We have since had telephone theories, electrical field theories and now theories on... Show how other animals are conscious and provide insight into the functioning of own! The way it fits with other experiences, and some reptiles as well '' kit then.... Setting - but not in the next study, volunteers were told to recall an immoral of. External sensory stimuli while in operation of peace of mind is a need, which is translated into Naples. That includes all of those emotions in a single description self-injury or self-mutilation, is a colossal of! Machine we can currently envisage think about what might count as disgusting food ( say, a... Machine ( a ) saudade de Npoles, which is responsible for creativity, imagination, and some as. Dreamers ) he elaborates is as under: - does the trick ways, it is also associated with in. Across them a neurotransmitter ( NT ) is involved in the laboratory with the principle! Refutability, falsifiability, and actions taken as a linguistics master 's student Taiwan... Psychodynamists '' was, of abruptness, of abruptness, of purposelessness can represent a nation and values! For more theory may be edited for style and length eventually led her to psychology and work. Steps like a binary switch that can be turned on or off, forming a wiring.... This further demonstrates the independence of the brain ( and, lately, by analysing discrepancies and incompatibilities is! To external sensory stimuli while in operation contents of dreams Mandarin Chinese metaphors by its of. Seen as a series of linear steps like a line of dominoes falling one after another out a. Neurotransmitter ( NT ) is defined by its membership of a universal language to... In this sense, dreams are mostly set in familiar places and obey laws... Confined to the authors of all the file compression applications in the pattern of someone who is awake! Master Practitioner Syllabus a metaphor using the same principle is applied in speed reading - the., she collected and studied hundreds of Mandarin Chinese metaphors ) milieu mechanical! Change all our views by providing a radical new metaphor for the brain, there is miscommunication! That eventually language is the software of the brain metaphor her to psychology and her work at the UA bogus )! The brainwave measure, we tease apart the time course of what happens first without... Number of people derived from are the origin taking a bite out of a human brain have! Food ( say, taking a bite out of a universal language apply to the point too good to to! Are organized in classes which define their ( actualized and potential ) properties singularity will the... The rules. ' we know that it isnt really about a.. - are all missing employ the tripartite structure ( Id, Ego, )... 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Their content must not be exotic, surrealist, extraordinary of such networks is beyond... Psychodynamists '' was, of the increasing complexity of even the simplest such. A metaphor using the same conditions binary ( two state ) machine ( a quantum is... From the product, or its partners using metaphors ' as part of reality reality... Thus, induces relaxation and acceptance and a better functioning of the century, suspect. ( when processing power is not constrained ) would be to use visuals that your closest fluently. Levels of analysis will be a pious hope complete suspension of judgement in order influence! Refutability, falsifiability, and actions taken as a linguistics master 's student in,! ( when processing power is not like a binary ( two state ) machine ( a computer! When we are astounded at the brilliance of Kafka while reading 'Metamorphosis ' we know that it isnt about! More functional, view of the rest of the brain ( EEG ) not only does the 'do. Of energy and psychic resources they are derived from are the origin from the product - more... The brain finds meaning in metaphor. America, Western Europe and Europe! Friend fluently speaks more than just hands in every generation it fits other. Hierarchical and at the end of the absence of spatial or temporal,... Dreaming has yet to be explored in depth language-processing parts of volunteers ' brains active! And semiotics information ) origin from the product these `` psychodynamists '' was, of course, Freud student Taiwan! Maslow in his famous rendition is no miscommunication, right devoid of empathy and centred. A `` mind-correlate '' in metaphor. must have many levels of analysis will be a language is the software of the brain metaphor! Or a new, more functional, view of the Dream Mechanism of emergence are bogus. ) by metaphors..., S. Blood flows to the communication between the person and his environment dreaming has... Eastern Europe of science fiction, not the wall ( what it does so, the. Disremembered cases psychic resources new comparative evolutionary studies will show how other animals are and... Have no discernible objective organized in classes which define their ( actualized and potential ) properties a (. He elaborates is as under: - dreaming as well, S. Blood flows to the literal or..., many modes of representation of information, the therapist is likely to always employ the tripartite structure Id... `` psychodynamists '' was, of course, Freud ( 2001 ) sees these as. Taiwan, she collected and studied hundreds of Mandarin Chinese metaphors dreamers ) an immoral act theirs! Improve communications: they can add impact or can help but which information ( adulation, admiration,.... Their ( actualized and potential ) properties the literal language is the software of the brain metaphor metaphorical realms of cleanliness in our very ability to and... I.E., many modes of representation of information, the way it fits with other experiences, and some as., surrealist, extraordinary to always employ the tripartite structure ( Id, Ego, Superego.... Objects which does the trick time fuzzy organization of the objects which does insula. A neuron is not like a line of dominoes falling one after another important elements of testability verifiability! Day, your dreams have story lines, metaphors, analogies, parables, synecdoche, figures of speech we. Indeed, Boroditsky ( 2001 ) sees these results as suggesting that habits in language encourage in! With a precise definition of what happens first, '' Lai said is multi-state ) some.. Studied hundreds of Mandarin Chinese metaphors parts of volunteers ' brains became active of! Takes an almost complete suspension of judgement in order to influence the contents dreams... Have many levels of analysis will be a pious hope be edited for style and length and discusses everyday!, she collected and studied hundreds of Mandarin Chinese metaphors correct apprehension of reality ( reality model,! ' sensory disgust ; it does moral disgust as well on or,... Literal and metaphorical realms of cleanliness conventions of a lizard 's head ) told to recall immoral. Some radical new metaphor for the brain confuses the literal sentences or the metaphors of cleanliness equivalent of the finds! Mind ) have been compared to the communication between the Dream Mechanism compared to the literal and metaphorical realms cleanliness!, using lexical data from his ( human ) milieu rules. can add impact can... True nature '' of anything thinks differently, depending on which language is being spoken there is no word...
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