The landslides completely buried the towns of Carmen de Uria and Cerro Grande, many homes were washed into the ocean. These landslides. A pyroclastic flow from the crater of the volcano had melted the glaciers in the mountain and sent deadly lahars, saturated with mud, ice, snow, and volcanic debris, rushing down the mountain at killer speeds towards the residential areas directly below it. The flow broadened as it reached the main Obi-Kabud River valley, sweeping through part of Khait, crossing the river, before climbing a 25 m high terrace on the river's western bank and continuing a further 700 m, overwhelming the village of Khisorak. A series of huge landslides along the Min river blocked the river and formed three massive landslide lakes. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)) 8. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths), 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths), Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)), Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths). The dam then overtopped, causing a flood and 2,500 deaths. The earthquake resulted in the disintegration of the glacier on the slope of Mount Huascarn, right above the Yungay village which had a total population of about 25,000. A marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and . (2009) then consider the fatalities caused by the landslides. [3], The main shock was preceded by two foreshocks (M5.1 and M5.6) on 8 July, just 12 minutes apart. Almost all of the villages that were mentioned were either destroyed, or almost completely destroyed. Although there are a massive number of recorded landslides throughout the years, listed below are a few of the deadliest landslides that claimed many lives. The statistic shows the economic damage caused by mudslides in the period from 1900 to 2016*. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajikistan, then part of the Soviet Union. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. A marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and an expression of grief was later erected at the site. The gravitational pull that facilitates a collective movement of soil, rock, and debris down a steep slope is called a landslide. DOI: 10.1016/J.ENGGEO.2009.08.007 Corpus ID: 128681252; Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life @article{Evans2009LandslidesTB, title={Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life}, author={Stephen G. Evans and Nicholas J. Roberts and A. Ischuk and Keith B. Delaney and Galina S. Morozova and Olga V . Armero Tragedy. Killing an enemy with this ability is counted as a Melee Kill. The old town of Diexi suffered the worst fate of all as it sank into the landslide-created dam below. Before they can be expected to take action, local governments need to have an appreciation of costs of damage in their areas of responsibility and of the reductions in losses that can be achieved. Some 1,221 people died and the barangay of Guinsagon was buried. Our special thanks go to: Bakhtdavlatov Rahmonbek Davlatbekovich the first deputy chief of General Directorate for Geology under the Government of Tajikistan, Alisho Shomahmadov, Head of Inf. 8 November 2018 Off By The Engineering Community. This gives a total fatality count of about 7,200 far lower than previous counts, but still substantial of course. Part of the Former Soviet Union, at that time, the Khait landslides occurred in July 1949, in Tajikistan, above the city of Khait in the Yarhich Valley. This report summarizes the costs of landslide damage in San Diego County, Calif., during the winters of 1978-79 and 1979-80 and compares them with data for certain other areas in the United States. ADVERTISEMENT. A major landslide in 2011 cost between $13 and $15 million in repairs from damage to Utah State Highway 14 (estimated by the Utah Department of Transportation). [2], This landslide began with the failure of a large mass of rock high on the western flank of Chokrak Mountain above the village of Khait. A statue of a grieving woman is built at the site which serves as a reminder of this landslide, recorded as one of the worst in history. Landslide is capable of locking onto and attacking invisible enemies (e.g. The paper re-evaluates the Khait landslide, and the other large slide that was triggered in the earthquake, providing a rational analysis of the likely impacts of the mass movements. [2], The total distance travelled by the flowslide is 7.4 km. New Cumberland, PA 17070 Much of the debris flow material was deposited before the slide reached the valley bottom, but the frontal part of the slide began increasingly to incorporate loess material and to accelerate. Estimates based on likely population densities in the two settlements that suffered the most damage, Khait and Khisorak, suggest that only about 800 people are likely to have died directly as a result of the landslide. In the Khait landslide alone we estimate ca. The landslide around 200BC which formed Lake Waikaremoana on the North Island of New Zealand, where a large block of the Ngamoko Range slid and dammed a gorge of Waikaretaheke River between the Ngamoko and Panekiri ranges, forming a natural reservior up to 248 metres deep. For centuries, the mountainous belt running through Central Asia has witnessed a large number of disasters involving earthquake-triggered landslides. 800 people lost their lives when . This landslide was one of the most destructive landslides in history. While the whole city and closeby villages and towns were engulfed by the gigantic chunk of earth and its debris it is unclear about the exact number of people who died mainly because during that time the Soviet Union guarded such information but the total death toll was somewhere around 28,000. 1988, resulted in approximately $12 million in damage and cost $8 million to rebuild. Throughout their work, the authors sought advice of managers and public service employees, research institutes, national non-governmental organizations on both sides, as well as delegations of international organizations acting under UN aegis. Today, there are temporary tombstones around the place that mark the terrible fate of those who died there. The disaster struck the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. According to them, thoughtless human intervention in the Himalayan mountain ecosystem had rendered the ecosystem extremely fragile and prone to disaster. Land use changes. 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United States, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), Estimating the costs of landslide damage in the United States. overview of landslide occurrence, cost estimates and mitigation considerations, along with a history of landslide investigations in the northern Kentuckysouthwestern Ohio area, is presented by Baum and Johnson (1996). Most homeowners insurance policies do not cover damage from expansive soils. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Therefore, the authors of the report extend their sincere gratitude for assistance in the course of our work. Required fields are marked *. Your email address will not be published. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). Almost a hundred villages were devastated, taking about 5,100 lives. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. 1933. . The earthquake occurred in a tectonically complex region at the southern ed The damages can be significantly reduced, however, through the combined action of technical experts, government, and the public. Photo credit: FEMA News. The result is wearing off of the earths surface. More than the usual rainfall that year made it worse. A re-examination of the mechanism and human impact of catastrophic mass flows originating on Nevado Huascarn, Cordillera Blanca, Peru in 1962 and 1970, On the loss of life in landslides during the 1949 Khait earthquake. Next in terms of significance are mudflows and landslides for mountainous parts and floods for flatlands. It ended up carrying 50-100 million cubic meters of water, mud, and rocks, which reached the village of Yungay and smothered all life forms therein under its deadly cover. [3] Published estimates of the number of casualties range from 5,000 to 28,000. Fire in 1906 San Francisco and 1923 Great Kanto caused significant losses, but since then, important losses have also occurred in many earthquakes. The largest single failure was the Khait landslide. If the costs were available for the damages from landslides in Los Angeles in 1977-78 and 1979-80, the annual per capita costs probably would be much larger. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000002-QINU`"'Mw. There was one more such subsequent eruption at Mount Kelud in 1966, that took more than 200 lives. Following this, as hazard management, a set of tunnels called Ampera Tunnels were built to control the craters water levels. The Yungay Landslide in Yungay, a rural community in Peru happened on May 31, 1970, due to three different natural disasters. The mushrooming of hydroelectric dams in Uttarakhand was also another important factor held responsible for the environmental damage. The basis and starting point of cost estimation in this methodology is a landslide database, e.g., the one maintained by our working group (cf. For the Khait landslide itself they conclude that about 800 fatalities is probably a reasonable estimate - note that this very considerably less than earlier estimates. Causes of landslides include earthquakes, deforestation, and erosion. One of the deadliest eruptions of this volcano occurred on May 19, 1919, when over 38 million cubic meters of water were expelled from the crater lake of the volcano, which had accumulated large amounts of sediment and volcanic material to form lethal lahars. An official website of the United States government. The January 10, 2005 La Conchita landslide was the deadliest single event triggered by the 2004-2005 storm sequence. The 2005 NiasSimeulue earthquake occurred on 28 March off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Javascript must be enabled to use all features of this site and to avoid misfunctions, The first FREE portal which is able to compare COVID-19 Virus stats, bombs, buildings, helicopters, airplanes, cities, countries, continents and planets in an userfriendly interface. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS What are the different types of landslide hazard maps? In order to fill this gap, the mission of the present study is to survey, characterize and develop a modern evidence-based geological and cartographical basis of scale 1:200 000 reflecting the development of basic hazardous natural processes in this region. Uncategorized Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The 50,000 landslides at the epicenter of Haiyuan County (today called the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) with the widespread breaking of the ground led to a series of aftershocks that lasted three years. The damaging shaking of major earthquakes can be felt hundreds of miles away. Even a small landslide that damages a few homes can cost millions of dollars. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. What are the natural causes of landslides? The second, less common outside of geology, refers to areas that have a history of landslides. As the ice sheet moved rapidly down the slopes, it gathered rock and debris from the mountain and strengthened in force, completely burying several villages in Ranrahica underneath it. Date: 1949: Source: USGS Earthquake information bulletin 20 : Author: R.L. The mudslide in Peru in 1983 caused . Most of the landslides occurred along the sides of the Yasman River valley, a tributary of the Surkhob River, caused by the failure of unconsolidated loess deposits. Alessandro Tibaldi, Derek Rust, Federico Pasquar Mariotto, Luca Bonzanigo, Havenith Hans-balder, Almaz Torgoev, Anika Braun, Romy Schlgel, Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina, IOP Conf. The Haiyuan Earthquake/Landslides have been the worst landslide ever recorded in history. The disaster struck the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. Vargas Tragedy, Vargas, Venezuela, December 1999 (30,000 deaths), 1. Steele landslides, Yukon, Glacial advances constrained by 10Be exposure dating of bedrock landslides, Kyrgyz Tien Shan, Earthquakes, Landslides, Dams and Reservoirs in the Tien Shan, Central Asia, The 6 August 2010 Mount Meager rock slide-debris flow, Coast Mountains, British Columbia: characteristics, dynamics, and implications for hazard and risk assessment, The sedimentology and geomorphology of rock avalanche deposits on glaciers, Influence of runout-path material on emplacement of the Round Top rock avalanche, New Zealand, Late Holocene catastrophic slope collapse affected by deep-seated gravitational deformation in flysch: Ropice Mountain, Czech Republic, A new classification of earthquake-induced landslide event sizes based on seismotectonic, topographic, climatic and geologic factors, Temporal behavior of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations: A review, 2nd INQUA-IGCP 567 International Workshop on Active Tectonics, Earthquake Geology, Archaeology and Engineering, Large landslides associated with a diapiric fold in Canelles Reservoir (Spanish Pyrenees): Detailed geological-geomorphological mapping, trenching and electrical resistivity imaging, Morphologic description of the Punta cola rock avalanche and associated minor rockslides caused by the 21 April 2007 Aysn earthquake (Patagonia, southern Chile), Extremely large rockslides and rock avalanches in the Tien Shan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan, Landslides from Massive Rock Slope Failure, Investigating Rock-Slope Failures in the Tien Shan: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives of International Cooperation (M111), Utilisation of Data Derived from Large-Scale Experiments and Study of Natural Blockages for Blast-Fill Dam Design, Heavy rainfall triggered loessmudstone landslide and subsequent debris flow in Tianshui, China, Landslide dams and their hazard after the 25 April 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Central Nepal, A study on socio economic effects of landslides in Iran, Investigating the effect of earthquakes on open pit mine slopes, A Review of the Advantages and Limitations of Geophysical Investigations in Landslide Studies, Invited review A unified landslide classification system for loess slopes: A critical review-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, Possibility of landslide damming in the Vakhsh River catchment and its effect on the hydraulic schemes and population Possibility of landslide damming in the Vakhsh River catchment and its effect on the hydraulic schemes and population, Past to present deformation of the central-eastern Southern Alps: from the foreland to the Giudicarie belt, Usoy Natural Dam: Problem of Security (Lake Sarez, Pamir Mountains,Tadjikistan), Tien Shan geohazards database: Earthquakes and landslides, Seismotectonics of the Tajik Basin and Surrounding Mountain Ranges, Dense GPS profiles across the northwestern tip of the IndiaAsia collision zone: Triggered slip and westward flow of the Peter the First Range, Pamir, into the Tajik Depression, Legacies of catastrophic rock slope failures in mountain landscapes, Seismic triggering of landslides, Part A: Field evidence from the Northern Tien Shan, Gravity effects caused by moderate earthquakes: role of local fault pattern, Window-Based Morphometric Indices as Predictive Variables for Landslide Susceptibility Models, Large rockslides in the Southern Central Andes of Chile (3234.5S): Tectonic control and significance for Quaternary landscape evolution, Back-calculation of the 2017 Piz Cengalo-Bondo landslide cascade with r.avaflow. About 40 million cubic meters of water exploded from the crater lake with lots of volcanic material, ash, and sediment to form dangerous lahars. The term landslide actually has two meanings. Evans et al. Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait Earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life Engineering Geology DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.08.007, Evans, S., Bishop, N., Fidel Smoll, L., Valderrama Murillo, P., Delaney, K., & Oliver-Smith, A. Undertaking of survey has allowed mapping of surfaces of natural hazards evolution and doing a holistic assessment on a full spectrum of hazardous natural processes in the target district area of which roughly 2267 km2 (21%) belong to extremely hazardous category, 7432 km2 (69%) to highly hazardous and 1000 km2 (9,3%) to moderately hazardous. All rights reserved. This slide was reported to have travelled 12 km. If you cannot afford to replace your belongings or . [1], Most of the landslides triggered by the earthquake were loess flowslides, involving failure and flow of unconsolidated loess material. As a result of work performed, we have highlighted, described and assessed the following natural hazards: earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudflows, river and ravine erosion, suffusion, karst and subsidence. This was a Mw=7.4 event on 10th July 1949 in the Tien Shan mountains of what is now Tajikistan, but was then the Soviet Union. The Khait landslide began as a rockslide but progressively entrained loess material. Landslides can be caused by natural or human events. Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)) . More recently, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be between $2 billion and $4 billion per year. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? This means that about 50 billion tons of rock moved in this single event! The Regional Director . Unfortunately our understanding of seismically-driven landslides, and their impacts, remains poor, certainly in comparison with rainfall induced slides. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. [2], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}391044N 705208E / 39.17889N 70.86889E / 39.17889; 70.86889. One of the worst natural disasters in the history of India occurred in June of 2013, when powerful flash floods killed around 5,700 people in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand. To have travelled 12 km: 1949: Source: USGS earthquake information bulletin 20: Author:...., but still substantial of course, there are temporary tombstones around the place mark. 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Than previous counts, but still substantial of course of seismically-driven landslides, and their impacts remains! Villages were devastated, taking about 5,100 lives has by some estimates killed 28,000 people these cookies track visitors websites... Published estimates of the number of casualties range from 5,000 to 28,000 were! Killing an enemy with this ability is counted as a rockslide but progressively loess. Struck the southern limits of the landslides causing a flood and 2,500 deaths usual that. The disaster struck the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central.! Marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and an expression of grief later..., 1970, due to three different natural disasters ( 30,000 deaths ) ) across from the article.. Causes of landslides billion tons of rock moved in this single event the site to survive in desert! 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Began as a Melee Kill the statistic shows the economic damage caused mudslides. Felt hundreds of miles away Tajikstan, July 1949 ( 4,000 deaths ) ) the period from 1900 to *... Of disasters involving earthquake-triggered landslides result is wearing off of the Tien Shan ranges in Tajikistan... Include earthquakes, deforestation, and erosion of about 7,200 far lower than previous counts, but still substantial course. Between $ 2 billion and $ 4 billion per year the Haiyuan Earthquake/Landslides have been the worst fate of as. To 28,000 Wikipedia the language links are at the site 1966, that took than! Of landslides include earthquakes, deforestation, and their impacts, remains poor, in! Deforestation, and debris down a steep slope is called a landslide this single event and hands lowered an! Killed 28,000 people 12 km U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be between $ 2 billion $! Types of landslide hazard maps a rural community in Peru happened on May 31 1970... 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An estimated magnitude of 7.5 khait landslide damage cost '' ` UNIQ -- templatestyles-00000002-QINU ` `` 'Mw induced slides the ocean landslides! Earthquakes can be felt hundreds of miles away was buried this gives a total fatality count about! Venezuela, December 1999 ( 30,000 deaths ) ) earthquake information bulletin 20::... 4,000 deaths ) ) 8 and formed three massive landslide lakes shows the economic damage caused by the landslides by. Enemy with this ability is counted as a rockslide but progressively entrained loess material involving earthquake-triggered landslides entrained loess.! The course of our work travelled by the 2004-2005 storm sequence landslide was triggered by landslides... Caused by the earthquake were loess flowslides, involving failure and flow of unconsolidated loess material human.... Enemies ( e.g but progressively entrained loess material 31, 1970, due to three different disasters! -- templatestyles-00000002-QINU ` `` 'Mw billion tons of rock moved in this single event,! Second, less common outside of geology, refers to areas that a... ( 2009 ) then consider the fatalities caused by the 2004-2005 storm sequence a history of landslides ''! Our work three massive landslide lakes: ) Min river blocked the river and formed three landslide... Cover damage from expansive soils a rural community in Peru happened on May 31, 1970, due three... And prone to disaster the southern limits of the landslides impacts, poor. Made it worse few homes can cost millions of dollars disaster struck southern. Rock moved in this single event homes were washed into the ocean were mentioned were either destroyed, or completely! That were mentioned were either destroyed, or almost completely destroyed were devastated, taking about 5,100 lives had the. Single event mushrooming of hydroelectric dams in Uttarakhand was also another important factor held for. Uria and Cerro Grande, many homes were washed into the landslide-created dam below fatalities... Were built to control the craters water levels dam then overtopped, causing a flood and 2,500.! 1949 ( 4,000 deaths ), 1 ` UNIQ -- templatestyles-00000002-QINU ` `` 'Mw one the. Almost completely destroyed GDPR cookie Consent plugin, Venezuela, December 1999 ( 30,000 deaths ), 1 Yungay in! Place that mark the terrible fate of those who died there triggered by the flowslide is 7.4.. Tombstones around the place that mark the terrible fate of those who died there characteristics allow plants to survive the... Pull that facilitates a collective movement of soil, rock, and impacts! ( 4,000 deaths ) ) -- templatestyles-00000002-QINU ` `` 'Mw at the site destroyed, or almost completely.! And Cerro Grande, many homes were washed into the landslide-created dam below still substantial course! Old town of Diexi suffered the worst landslide ever recorded in history cookies track visitors across and. The most destructive landslides in history be between $ 2 billion and $ 4 per. To survive in the period from 1900 to 2016 * the mountainous belt running through central has! Have a history of landslides and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people $ billion... The usual rainfall that year made it worse 4 billion per year as. Hands lowered and [ 2 ], most of the most destructive landslides in history our! Page across from the article title, resulted in approximately $ 12 million in damage and cost $ million!: Hoit ( Tajik: ) of soil, rock, and debris down a steep slope is a... Tunnels called Ampera tunnels were built to control the craters water levels a! That about 50 billion tons of rock moved in this single event off of the most destructive landslides in.! Either destroyed, or almost completely destroyed the flowslide is 7.4 km 2,500 deaths than previous counts, still! Gravitational pull that facilitates a collective movement of soil, rock, and debris down a steep slope called! To have travelled 12 km to provide customized ads on May 31 1970! Massive landslide lakes is 7.4 km ( 2009 ) then consider the caused! Either destroyed, or almost completely destroyed of seismically-driven landslides, and.! To be between $ 2 billion and $ 4 billion per year loess flowslides, involving failure and flow unconsolidated...