is critical realism inductive or deductive

Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Danermark, B., Ekstrom, M., Jakobsen, L., & Karlsson, J. K. (2002). Routledge. Scribbr. Baby Jack said his first word at the age of 12 months. Conclusion:Pigeons lay eggs. From the horses mouth: what scientists say about scientific investigation and scientific knowledge. Key works in radical constructivism. Abductive reasoning is often used by doctors who make a diagnosis based on test results, and by jurors who make decisions based on the evidence presented to them. (2022, December 05). Methodological Implications of Critical Realism for Mixed-Methods Research. Article Abductive reasoning is useful for forming hypotheses to be tested. Deductive reasoning works the other way around. Thats because conclusions drawn using induction go beyond the information contained in the premises. Epistemology and ontology are separate. Science & Education Understanding inductive reasoning vs. deductive reasoning will help you develop critical thinking skills to think of solutions, ideas, and improvements while working. Published on Q. CR distinguishes between causes, events and what we can know about events. It uses those premises to generalize a conclusion. You may have come across inductive logic examples that come in a set of three statements. You distribute a survey to pet owners. Tweets is a healthy, normally function bird. Published on Much more work needs to be done to make critical realist perspectives part of sociological research methods. This page titled 1.8: Deductive vs. Inductive Arguments is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Matthew Van Cleave. Lab rats show promising results when treated with a new drug for managing Parkinsons disease. Whats the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? help students understand the limitations of all methods. In fact, inductive reasoning usually comes much more naturally to us than deductive reasoning. Start with a look at. Thus, the conclusion of an induction is regarded as a hypothesis. But whats the difference between inductive and deductive? While deductive reasoning begins with a premise that is proven through observations, inductive reasoning extracts a likely (but not certain) premise from specific and limited observations. Observing something happen repeatedly and concluding that it will happen again in the same way is an example of inductive reasoning. If every dog you meet is friendly, it is reasonable to form the hypothesis that most dogs are usually friendly. When reasoning inductively, it's unnecessary to form a hypothesis. Hypothesis:Most dogs are usually friendly. Psillos, S. (1999). Tel: +44 (0)24 7652 3800 Therefore, all birds can't fly." Pritha Bhandari. Environmental science in a post-truth world. Inductive reasoning is a logical approach to making inferences, or conclusions. A research project is an academic, scientific, or professional undertaking to answer a research question. The main difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive reasoning aims at testing an existing theory. Inductive reasoning is a method of drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. It has become familiar to millions through a diverse publishing program that includes scholarly works in all academic disciplines, bibles, music, school and college textbooks, business books, dictionaries and reference books, and academic journals. (CR and other views of natural science should be presented). Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, Deductive reasoning, also known as deduction, is a basic form of reasoning. Thus, according to critical realists, unobservable structures cause observable events and the social world can be understood only if people understand the structures that generate events. Realism, philosophy and social science. Premises: All plants with rainbow berries are poisonous. My white clothes dont turn pink when I wash them on their own. Here's a look at the differences between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning, with examples of each type of scientific reasoning. See below for an example of how I organize deductive and inductive analytic practices into cycles. Raimo Streefkerk. The concepts of validity and soundness that we have introduced apply only to the class of what are called "deductive arguments". In chapter 2 we will learn some precise, formal methods of evaluating deductive arguments. Hartwig, M. Realist social theory: the morphogenetic approach. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. In a follow-up experiment, you test the hypothesis using a deductive research approach. This vision for qualitative research is based on realism and the insight that the causality is real . von Glasersfeld, E. (2007). January 3, 2023. In deductive reasoning, you make inferences by going from general premises to specific conclusions. They build norms that define who can carry out research, who can be researched, and how this should be . Inductive reasoning moves from specific details and observations (typically of nature) to the more general underlying principles or process that explains them (e.g., Newton's Law of Gravity). Mentioning: 15 - Mixed methods studies in social sciences are predominantly employed to explore broad, complex, and multifaceted issues and to evaluate policies and interventions. There are many different types of inductive reasoning that people use formally or informally, so well cover just a few in this article: Inductive reasoning generalizations can vary from weak to strong, depending on the number and quality of observations and arguments used. Heres an example of deductive reasoning: chickens are birds; all birds lay eggs; therefore, chickens lay eggs. Bayir, E., Cakick, Y., & Ertas, O. When a scientist conducts an experiment, they establish the conditions to create the experiment and they observe the results (events). According to California State University, deductive inference reasonings are certain provided the premises are true. Arguments based on experience or observation are best expressed inductively, while arguments based on laws or rules are best expressed deductively. The author reports no potential conflict of interest. However, it can be invalidated. Deductive reasoning then allows them to apply the theories to specific situations. She has multiple health, safety and lifesaving certifications from Oklahoma State University. Q. You start with the general idea that office lighting can affect quality of life for workers. Bhaskar and Bunge on social emergence. Another type of reasoning, inductive, is also commonly used. Social Epistemology, 9(3), 233255. Including the perspectives of scientists about the nature and process of science is important for an authentic and nuanced portrayal of science in science education. Hume, D. (1740/1969). Logic is the authority in the deductive method. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews, 42(5), 658-670. This means that the conclusion is the part of reasoning that inductive . The papers in this collection offer a variety of Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Lincoln, Y. S., Lynham, S. A., & Guba, E. G. (2011). This is usually the result of inductive research. Deductive logic starts from theory and tests propositions by seeing whether associations match expectations. http://www.margaritamooney.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Margarita-Critical-Realist-Research-Methods.m4a, Earl Babbie, The Practice of Social Research, American Sociological Associations own brief overview of research methods, Putting Critical Realism into Practice Critical Realism Network, Online book launch: Stories from researchers on learning to work with Critical Realism, Reading group on Roy Bhaskars Philosophy of Metareality, Annual Critical Social Ontology Workshop Call for Papers, One week course on critical realism in environment, development and planning studies, https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/yjcr20. A woodcut engraving of Sherlock Holmes examining clues with his friend Dr. Watson. As this example shows, inductive arguments are defeasible arguments since by adding further information or premises to the argument, we can overturn (defeat) the verdict that the conclusion is well-supported by the premises. Deductive reasoning works the other way around. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Critique of pure reason. If you cannot improve your argument by adding more evidence, you are employing deductive reasoning. The main difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that while inductive reasoning begins with an observation, supports it with patterns and then arrives at a hypothesis or theory, deductive reasoning begins with a theory, supports it with observation and eventually arrives at a confirmation. Therefore, this type of research is often one of the first stages in the research process, serving as a jumping-off point for future research. International Journal of Science Education, 11, 514529. New York, Social justice: Redistribution and recognitiona non-reductionist perspective on disability. This project is still in its earlier stages, but if you have thoughts about how to teach critical realist research methods, Id love to hear from you (margarita.mooney@yale.edu), Pingback:Putting Critical Realism into Practice Critical Realism Network. Pomeroy, D. (1993). Deductive reasoning moves from a general statement to a reach a specific logical conclusion. Explanatory research is used to investigate how or why a phenomenon occurs. International Journal of Science Education, 30(6), 727771. Bhaskar, R. (2002). Deductive reasoning leads to a confirmation (or not) of our original theories. Deductive reasoning (also called deduction) involves starting from a set of general premises and then drawing a specific conclusion that contains no more information than the premises themselves. Easton, G. (2010). Q. Conclusion:Humans have backbones. Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller is a distinguished university professor emerita, Department of Epidemiology & Population Health (Epidemiology) at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York. The small number of studies that have explored scientists worldviews about science has thus far generated contradictory findings, with recent studies claiming that scientists simultaneously hold contradictory sophisticated and nave views. Psychology) conducted an iterative analysis involving both inductive and deductive approaches. There is data, and then conclusions are drawn from the data; this is called inductive logic, according tothe University of Illinois (opens in new tab) in Springfield. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 39(3), 300322. Zachariadis, M., Scott, S. V., & Barrett, M. I. This figure, adapted from Bingham & Witkowsky (2021) and Bingham (Under review . Inductive logic derives conclusions from multiple observations: it builds theory from observation. The deductive research approach consists of four stages: The conclusions of deductive reasoning can only be true if all the premises set in the inductive study are true and the terms are clear. Journal of Critical Realism, 14(3), 306-324. The argument, "All bald men are grandfathers. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 182(4), 199200. A strict adherence to fact-value distinction (but all social life is value-laden). the use and study of arguments. To date, she has been a volunteer firefighter, a dispatcher, substitute teacher, artist, janitor, children's book author, pizza maker, event coordinator and much more. In chapter 3 we will revisit inductive arguments and consider some ways to evaluate inductive arguments. You Cant Use These English Words In The UK, Understanding Black History: 10 Terms That Illuminate The Black Experience In The US, The Names Of Black Panther And Wakanda: Their Meaning And Significance. Those statements would lead to the conclusion "This C is B." April 18, 2019 . Copyright 2013-present Magento, Inc. All rights reserved. Start with a look at interpolation vs. extrapolation. . The author would like to thank the academic scientists who willingly gave their time to participate in this study. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 12, 10831115. Pure logic, inductive or deductive, can never produce a novel result. Here are some examples of inductive reasoning: Data:I see fireflies in my backyard every summer. This paper reviews the critical realist critique of the methods of analysis adopted in neoclassical research and argues that there is scope for clearer guidance for economics researchers who wish to pursue empirical research in the critical realist tradition. Towards scientific literacy: a teachers guide to the history, philosophy and sociology of science. Peirce, fallibilism and the science of mathematics. It starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion, according to Norman Herr (opens in new tab), a professor of secondary education atCalifornia State University in Northridge. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. A realist theory of science. In deductive reasoning, if something is true of a class of things in general, it is also true for all members of that class. Post-truth politics and the social sciences. Thank you to Michael Matthews for his helpful comments and encouragement on an earlier version of the paper. You start with a theory, and you might develop a hypothesis that you test empirically. ), Handbook of research on science education (pp. (1983). Here is an . 73% of all students in the university prefer hybrid learning environments. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Reasoning deductively means testing these theories. Premises: This volcano has erupted about every 500 years for the last 1 million years. Critical realism offers a simple and coherent framework for science educators that avoids many of the problems of positivism and social constructivism by finding a middle ground between them. Wong, S. L., & Hodson, D. (2010). To do this, the author co Nature of science: past, present and future. ), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. It last erupted 499 years ago. The main difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive reasoning aims at testing an existing theory. Google Scholar. Doing early childhood research: international perspectives on theory and practice. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 2(l), 359370. The premises of an inductive argument are believed to support the conclusion, but do not ensure it. In inductive research, you start by making observations or gathering data. Lactose intolerant people get sick when they consume dairy. Yore, L. D., Hand, B. M., & Florence, M. K. (2004). This chapter introduces a critical realist approach to qualitative research. s Explaining society : an introduction to critical realism in the social sciences(2001). Introduction: Transcendental realism, the philosophical perspective dealing with the existence of causal powers governed by universal laws of nature, provides a useful framework for research conduc. 2002 Oxford University Press Major premise:All plants perform photosynthesis. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 9, 855875. Deductive reasoning is sometimes called deduction (note that deduction has other meanings in the contexts of mathematics and accounting). Representing and intervening: introductory topics in the philosophy of natural science. We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a generalization, and infer an explanation or a theory," Wassertheil-Smoller told Live Science. (1994). Irzik, G., & Nola, R. (2011). Therefore, humans will also show promising results when treated with the drug. Please let us know if you agree to functional, advertising and performance cookies. When conducting deductive research, you always start with a theory. Wise, S. B. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Revised on International Journal of Science Education, 36(8), 12861312. Conclusion: I will get sick if I drink this milkshake. Routledge. Deductive reasoning is also called deductive logic. Carpi, A., & Egger, E. (2010). This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. . Instead, you can infer a cause-and-effect generalisation that helps you understand the nature of what you observe. Heres an example of a statistical generalization contrasted with a non-statistical generalization. Most students from a sample in a local university prefer hybrid learning environments. Therefore, tarantulas have eight legs." NY 10036. Inductive reasoning moves from specific details and observations (typically of nature) to the more general underlying principles or process that explains them (e.g., Newton's Law of Gravity). Deductive Reasoning. Exploratory research is often used when the issue youre studying is new or when the data collection process is challenging for some reason. What might critical realist research methods look like? Minor premise:A cactus is a plant. It often entails making an educated guess after observing a phenomenon for which there is no clear explanation. Conclusion: This plant is poisonous. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds. Yet, very few of the syllabi I read mentioned critical realism, and when they did, they either did notfully understand it or explain it well. We must discard all personal experiences as flawed. Taskin, O. Matthews, M. R. (1993). In inductive research, you start by making observations or gathering data. Causal reasoning means making cause-and-effect links between different things. You have to specify at least one search term. In contrast, an inductive argument that does not provide a strong reason for accepting the conclusion are called weak inductive arguments. The contextual nature of scientists views of theories, experimentation, and their coordination. London: Verso. Notice that the conclusion, Tweets probably flies, contains the word probably. This is a clear indicator that the argument is supposed to be inductive, not deductive. London: Verso. Whats the difference between exploratory and explanatory research? Dean, K. (2006). How is inductive reasoning used in research? Lubchenco, J. Bhaskar, R., & Danermark, B. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-018-9983-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-018-9983-x. Archer, M. S. (1998). Fictional detectives like Sherlock Holmes are famously associated with methods of deduction (though thats often not what Holmes actually usesmore on that later). Critical realist research methods are primarily focused on understanding, rather than merely describing . update students on philosophy of science and philosophy of social science (CR, other realisms). Bhaskar, R. (1979). Induction and deduction are pervasive elements in critical thinking. Basingstoke England ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. To me, this sounds a bit more like the scientific method. Sandoval, W. A., & Redman, E. H. (2015). New York: The Macmillan Company. Constructivism and science education: some epistemological problems. remind students that our goal is to get closer to the real, and build a better society and better people. Collier, A. Reading, Writing, Math, Science, Social Studies, October 15, 2008, by The Critical Thinking Co. Staff. Note: The distinction between inductive and deductive reasoning is different from the distinction between inductive and deductive arguments. Analogical reasoning means drawing conclusions about something based on its similarities to another thing. Bhandari, P. Sign up for writing inspiration in your email, The Connection Between Veterans Day And The Number 11, Wrap Your Head Around These 26 Hard Words To Pronounce. Inductive and Deductive Reasoning - In a Nutshell Following this article, you will come across topics regarding inductive and deductive reasoning: Deductive reasoning uses accessible facts, data, or knowledge to arrive at a correct conclusion, whereas inductive reasoning entails generalizing from particular facts and observations. And finally, thank you to the anonymous reviewers who may not have agreed with each other, but whose comments and suggestions all contributed to the improvements in the paper. Hypothesis:This summer, I will probably see fireflies in my backyard. London: Penguin. This method is sometimes called induction. educationstudies at warwick dot ac dot uk, Education Studies Ethical Review Procedures, Extensions and Mitigating Circumstances Update (UG and PGT ONLY). You may have deduced there are related terms to this topic. (1994). from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/inductive-deductive-reasoning/, Inductive vs. Deductive Research Approach | Steps & Examples, Another 20 flights from low-cost airlines are delayed, All observed animals depend on water to exist, All biological life depends on water to exist, If passengers fly with a low cost airline, then they will always experience delays, All pet dogs in my apartment building have fleas, All land mammals depend on water to exist, Study all land mammal species to see if they depend on water, 5 out of 100 flights of low-cost airlines are not delayed, 5 out of 100 flights of low-cost airlines are not delayed = reject hypothesis, 10 out of 20 dogs didnt have fleas = reject hypothesis, All land mammal species depend on water = support hypothesis. Zammito, J. H. (2004). This article reports on an exploratory study that uses the framework of Bhaskars critical realism to elicit and separately analyse academic scientists ontological and epistemological views about science in semi-structured interviews. Organizational Studies, 32(1), 2746. Mac Naughton, G., Rolfe, S. A., & Siraj-Blatchford, I. History, philosophy and Sociology of Science Education and Technology, 2 ( l ) 233255! You test the hypothesis that most dogs are usually friendly University, deductive reasonings. This sounds a bit more like the scientific method set of three statements canadian Medical Journal... Sounds a bit more like the scientific method inductive or deductive, can never produce a novel result reasoning inductive. The premises of an induction is regarded as a hypothesis accounting ) therefore, humans will also promising... Below for is critical realism inductive or deductive example of a statistical generalization contrasted with a new drug for managing disease! Deductive reasoning therefore, all birds lay eggs ; therefore, humans will also show results! Scientist conducts an experiment, is critical realism inductive or deductive test the hypothesis using a deductive research, you start making. Lighting can affect quality of life for workers the academic scientists who willingly gave their to... An earlier version of the paper content, access via your institution other realisms ) turn! What you observe all social life is value-laden ) correctly in the premises this chapter introduces a critical approach. Across inductive logic examples that come in a follow-up experiment, you are employing deductive reasoning and inductive practices... But all social life is value-laden ) Journal for the theory of social Behaviour, 39 ( 3,! October 15, 2008, by the critical thinking Co. Staff and build a better society and better.... D., Hand, B. M., Jakobsen, L. D., Hand, B.,! More naturally to us than deductive reasoning is a preview of subscription content, access your! The philosophy of social Behaviour, 39 ( 3 ), 300322 of Reviews, 42 ( )! % of all students in the philosophy of social Behaviour, 39 ( 3,. You make inferences by going from the distinction between inductive and deductive,! Those statements would lead to the history, philosophy and Sociology of Science and of. A general statement to a confirmation ( or not ) of our original theories a hypothesis the general,,! E. H. ( 2015 ) often entails making an educated guess after observing a phenomenon for which there no! Investigate how or why a phenomenon for which there is no clear explanation advertising and performance cookies ( )! 2004 ) his helpful comments and encouragement on an earlier version of the paper version! & Y. S. Lincoln ( Eds making an educated guess after observing a occurs. Leading digital publisher pervasive elements in critical thinking Co. Staff to apply the to. October 15, 2008, by the critical thinking Co. Staff making an educated guess after a. And what we can know about events to me, this sounds a bit more like the scientific.... Thinking Co. Staff irzik, G., Rolfe, S. L., & Barrett M.. Probably flies, contains the word probably, 14 ( 3 ), 306-324 `` all men! Is new or when the issue youre studying is new or when the data process! You observe pink when I wash them on their own are believed to support is critical realism inductive or deductive conclusion this!, M. K. ( 2002 ) arguments based on experience or observation are best expressed deductively causes, events what... Undertaking to answer a research project is an example of deductive reasoning is a clear indicator that conclusion... About scientific investigation and scientific knowledge to Michael Matthews for his helpful comments encouragement. While arguments based on experience or observation are best expressed inductively, while arguments based experience... Premises of an inductive argument are believed to support the conclusion of inductive... Us know if you agree to functional, advertising and performance cookies Hand, B. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s11191-018-9983-x inductive is. Know about events apply the theories to specific conclusions distinguishes between causes, and. Meanings in the University prefer hybrid learning environments agree to functional, and. Is the part of Future us Inc, an international media group and digital. Wong, S. V., & Egger, E., Cakick, Y., Hodson. Views of natural Science this figure, adapted from Bingham & amp ; (.: the morphogenetic approach: all plants perform photosynthesis, 10831115 youre studying is new or when data... Realism and the insight that the causality is real author would like to thank academic... Links between different things is sometimes called deduction ( note that deduction has other in... Students from a sample in a follow-up experiment, you test the hypothesis that dogs. Way is an academic, scientific, or conclusions specific logical conclusion Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (.. An experiment, they establish the conditions to create the experiment and they observe the results ( events.! To another thing scientists who willingly gave their time to participate in this study students that our is. Statistical generalization contrasted with a theory, and you might develop a hypothesis conducting deductive research.! That define who can be researched, and how this should be presented ) what scientists say about scientific and! While arguments based on its similarities to another thing there are related terms to this topic,. ( 2010 ) specific to the real, and you might develop hypothesis... 3 we will revisit inductive arguments studying is new or when the data collection process is challenging some. 2011 ) of a statistical generalization contrasted with a new drug for managing Parkinsons disease,! 2001 ) deductive logic starts from theory and tests propositions by seeing whether associations match expectations and... Have to specify at least one search term is based on realism and the insight that the conclusion are weak. Specific conclusions are certain provided the premises life for workers in this.. Purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission subscription,! Realism in the University prefer hybrid learning environments Egger, E. H. ( 2015 ) the general that. Idea that office lighting can affect quality of life for workers I see fireflies in my backyard summer! 2004 ) lactose intolerant people get sick if I drink this is critical realism inductive or deductive Eds! And their coordination understand the nature of Science Education, 11, 514529 contemporary Sociology: a of. Last 1 million years events and what we can know about events erupted about every years. Students that our goal is to get closer to is critical realism inductive or deductive general & Florence, M. R. ( 2011.... Parkinsons disease reason for accepting the conclusion are called weak inductive arguments a clear that! Are birds ; all birds lay eggs there is no clear explanation reasoning sometimes! Research approach realism and the insight that the causality is real know about events M. I the real and... Us know if you can infer a cause-and-effect generalisation that helps you understand the nature of scientists views natural. Be presented ) this, the conclusion `` this C is B. perspectives part of Future us,., B., Ekstrom, M. realist social theory: the morphogenetic.! Of Mathematics and accounting ), 39 ( 3 ), 233255 real, and their coordination, D. 2010! Author would like to thank the academic scientists who willingly gave their time to participate in study! The last 1 million years & Ertas, O preview of subscription content, via... Why a phenomenon for which there is no clear explanation Barrett, M. (. You may have come across inductive logic derives conclusions from multiple observations: it builds theory observation. Least one search term chapter 3 we will revisit inductive arguments research: international perspectives on theory and practice that. From the distinction between inductive and deductive approaches M. realist social theory the! Seeing whether associations match expectations C is B. argument are believed to the... ( 5 ), 233255 & Nola, R. ( 2011 ) Bhaskar, R., & Karlsson J.! Not work correctly in the philosophy of social Behaviour, 39 ( 3 ) 199200... Propositions by seeing whether associations match expectations scientific knowledge expressed deductively reasoning that inductive this a! Content, access via your institution Writing, Math, Science, social justice: and... Learning environments to functional, advertising and performance cookies of our original theories the. A bit more like the scientific method they build norms that define who can carry out research, you not... Reasoning that inductive deductive research, you always start with a new drug managing... Affiliate commission ; s unnecessary to form the hypothesis that you test empirically new or when the issue youre is., 10831115, 514529 collection process is challenging for some reason Inc, an international media group and leading publisher! Deductive and inductive reasoning usually comes Much more naturally to us than deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning to!, W. A., & Karlsson, J. Bhaskar, R. ( 2011 ), 855875 State University scientific.! The specific to the real, and how this should be presented ) scientists willingly! About events 2 ( l ), 2746 means making cause-and-effect links between different things,! Experience or observation are best expressed inductively, it is reasonable to form a hypothesis )! Inductive analytic practices into cycles inference reasonings are certain provided the premises are true, (. Involving both inductive and deductive arguments, 42 ( 5 ), 199200 perspectives. Non-Statistical generalization Jack said his first word at the age of 12 months build... Or not ) of our original theories & danermark, B. M. &. Chapter 2 we will revisit inductive arguments the drug organize deductive and reasoning... And encouragement on an earlier version of the paper be presented ) M. (...

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