[18], After 1918, the German economy was twice as large as that of France; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France's 40 million, and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I, while German territory had seen little fighting. A middle-class Black woman who, though she keeps house flawlessly and diligently cares for the physical appearances of herself and her family (including her husband, Louis, and her son, Junior), is essentially cold. (including. 3. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. "The Maginot Line would have done just fine against a German army with no tanks, airplanes or heavy artillery," says Kirchubel, all of which were banned inside Germany after WWI. After a long series of failures in his studies and migration, Elihue has settled in Lorrain and become the local fortune teller/sorcerer. He is fiercely protective of his daughters. His active response contrasts with Pecolaspassivity. The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. [53] New York Times headlined "Maginot Line in the Sky" in 2000[54] and "A New Maginot Line" in 2001. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. In contrast, Pecola spills blackish blueberries all over the floor, underlining the connection between blackness and mess. He tortures the family cat and harasses children who come to the nearby playground. Made up of a series of locations spanning over 3 kilometres, the Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort was entirely self sufficient, with . While Mrs. Breedlove goes to get the wash, a very young white girl appears and reacts with fear when she sees the three girls. The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. [4], Postwar assessment of whether the Maginot Line served its purpose has been mixed. The playground for whites only lets the girls know that they are in a place where they are not welcomed based purely on the color of their skin. Its enormous cost and its failure to prevent German forces from invading France have caused journalists and political commentators to remain divided on whether the line was worthwhile. Outpost and Support Point line: Approximately 5km (3mi) behind the border, a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault, sufficient to delay the enemy to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. Renews March 8, 2023 Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. The narrative then moves to the current story-line. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. From front to rear (east to west), the line was composed of: 1. Sometimes it can end up there. On your tree as germany there is a focus that takes 28 days called around the maginot. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. [31] Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945, "a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was." Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. "They cashed in their chips. The lies about traveling with the prostitutes points to her desire to escape her abusive home and see the world. The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. Breedlove. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Please wait while we process your payment. Morrison Deconstructs White Standards of Beauty in The Bluest Eye, The Unexamined Other: Confronting the Social Hypocrisy of Maureen in The Bluest Eye. "The Maginot Line was never meant to fight the war by itself. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. [14], In 1926, The Manchester Guardian ran an expos showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. When she is getting ready to give birth to her second child, the doctor tells a group of students that with black women, there is never any trouble, because black women deliver right away and with no pain, just like horses. The infantry casemates often had one or two "cloches" or turrets located on top of them. Dave Roos A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. In contrast, the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was; illustrations showed multiple storeys of interwoven passages and even underground rail yards and cinemas. 20 to 30 men manned them. Her love she saves for the Fishers' daughter, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her own children. The inside of the house is beautiful, and a small white girl comes in and asks for Polly. Claudia is furious that the child calls Mrs. Breedlove by this name because even Pecola calls her mother Mrs. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. Still, Cain said that the location would be challenging to light and film inside and that artificial sets could be constructed at the studios for a fraction of the cost. Mr. MacTeer: Claudia's father, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the book. Pauline has had a lame foot since age twothe narrator opens by saying that to find out how her dreams died, one should look either to her lame foot (as Pauline does) or to her lost front tooth. It is the Maginot Line. How did this happen? Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. [37][38], Julian Jackson highlighted one of the line's roles was to facilitate that strategy by "free[ing] manpower for offensive operations elsewhere and to protect the forces of manoeuvre"; the latter included a more mechanised and modernised military, which would advance into Belgium and engage the German main thrust flanking the line. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. They were also accommodated in complexes of wooden housing adjacent to each fortress, which were more comfortable than living inside, but were not expected to survive wartime bombardment. She lies in an empty lot ruminating and then heads home. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. The narrator of parts of the novel. When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. Her desire to disavow her daughter is proved when the white girl asks who the black children were and Mrs. Breedlove avoids answering her. They could also be used as a local headquarters and counterattack base. While an understanding of the Line's creation is vital to any study of World War I, World War II, and the period in between, this knowledge is also helpful when interpreting a number of modern references. Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. Her mother reinforces this connection as well. As the water table in this region is high, there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded, which the line designers knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome. The quest for whiskey and the girls' disdain for the Maginot Line show, once again, the esteem the girls have for their mother's opinion and her wisdom. The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz, Lauter and Alsace, while other areas were, in comparison, only weakly guarded. What was the Purpose of the Maginot Line? The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. The MacTeers boarder, who has a reputation for being a steady worker and a quiet man. Principal line of resistance: This line began 10km (6mi) behind the border. The first girl that Cholly likes. By referring to the floor as hers, Mrs. Breedlove reveals her desire to be a part of and take some ownership over the white family's home. [49][42], When the French Army failed in Belgium, the Maginot Line covered their retreat. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. At the house where Polly Breedlove works, we see where Mrs. Breedlove gives most of her attention and love. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. The location of this attack, chosen because of the location of the Maginot Line, was through the Belgian Ardennes Forest (sector 4), which is off the map to the left of Maginot Line sector 6 (as marked). . Of the roughly 8.5 million French soldiers mobilized in 1914 to fight Germany and the other Central Powers, more than 6 million became casualties, either killed, wounded or declared missing during four years of grueling trench warfare. The Maginot Line Two score and six years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, delivered a speech that would forever mark how America viewed race relations. Miss Dunion, a neighbor, came over afterward and suggested that the MacTeers take Frieda to the doctor to see if she has been "ruined"a suggestion that sends Mrs. MacTeer into a rage against Miss. This moment is something to bear in mind later on, when we learn what happens to Pecola under similar circumstances. This section opens with a long description of his character and ancestry. Claudia wonders, almost enviously, how being touched in this way feels, but Frieda rejects this questionwhat is important is not how she feels but what has been done to her and how her parents react. Between 1930 and 1940, the Maginot Line Construction cost France a total of 3 billion francs. -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. The French side of this border is called the Maginot Line, where the French built a tremendous fortification across from the then Westwall/Hindenburg Line. Teachers and parents! 6. In response, The Maginot Line throws glass bottle at the girls and laughs at them as they run away. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. Read an in-depth analysis of Pecola Breedlove. The heavy fortifications were designed to block the most direct line of attack into France and avoid repeating what happened in WWI, when the German forces occupied large swaths of the strategically important Alsace-Lorraine region. Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. French decision-makers believed they needed Britain's help to win another war; the French could only go so far with alienating the British. Neglected by her parents, married to an alcoholic, black, poor, uneducated, and female, few choices are left to her. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. Claudia attempts to assuage Frieda's fear by telling her that, they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter, the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Frieda is more knowledgeable about the adult world and sometimes braver than Claudia. The reinforced concrete of the forts was thicker than any theretofore used, the disappearing guns bigger and more heavily . The women live together in an apartment above the Breedloves. The rejection by Samson Fuller is a turning point in Cholly's life: "Abandoned in a junk heap by his mother, rejected for a crap game by his father, there was nothing more to lose." 19 January 2021. He knows his father's nameSamson Fullerand he finds him gambling in an alley, but his father has long since forgotten that he had a son. 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